Lung Procurement From Solid Organ Donors: Role Of Fluid Resuscitation In Procurement Failures

Patrick M Reilly MD, Lori Morgan MD, Michael D
Grossman MD, Michael B Shapiro MD, Harry L Anderson MD,
Renee V Hawthorne*, C William Schwab MD

Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care
Department of Surgery
University of Pennsylvania Medical Center
Philadelphia PA
and
Delaware Valley Transplant Program
Philadelphia, PA

Reilly PM, Morgan L, Grossman M, Shapiro M, Anderson HL, Hawthorne RV, Schwab CW: Lung Procurement From Solid Organ Donors: Role Of Fluid Resuscitation In Procurement Failures. The Internet Journal of Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine 1999; Vol3 N2: http://www.ispub.com/journals/IJEICM/Vol3N2/organ.htm . Published July 1, 1999; Last Updated July 1, 1999.

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ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

ABSTRACT (Back to Quick Links)

Purpose: To determine the incidence of and factors leading to failed lung procurement from solid organ donors at a university trauma and transplant center.

Methods: Retrospective review of medical and organ procurement organization (OPO) records of all solid organ donors at a university hospital over a 48-month period. Student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test were applied for statistical analysis when appropriate.

Results: Thirty-eight solid organ donors were identified over the 48-month period. A mean of 3.5 ± 0.2 solid organs were recovered per donor. Thirteen lungs were harvested from 9 donors for a lung procurement rate of 17.1% (p<0.01 vs. procurement rates for liver [71.1%], heart [73.7%], and kidney [85.5%]). Successful lung donors were significantly younger (21 ± 4 vs. 35 ± 4 years [p<0.05]) and had a shorter time from admission to determination of brain death (20 ± 4 vs. 80 ± 20 hours [p<0.05]) than non-donors. Reasons for rejection of lungs most frequently included infection (n=8), underlying lung disease (n=5), and progressive in-hospital pulmonary dysfunction (n=9). Potential lung donors who developed progressive pulmonary dysfunction had a marked and significant fluid balance (7000 ± 1000 vs. 300 ± 600 cc [p<0.05]) when compared to the donor group. No patient with progressive pulmonary dysfunction had fluid and vasopressor therapy guided by the use of a pulmonary artery catheter.

Conclusions: The inability to successfully procure lungs from solid organ donors remains a significant limiting factor to lung transplantation. Younger patients who are quickly pronounced brain dead and proceed to organ procurement are most likely to become successful lung donors. While the reasons for failed lung procurement are multi-factorial and often unavoidable, the potential for iatrogenic injury to the lungs with over-aggressive fluid resuscitation while awaiting the determination of brain death appears significant.

INTRODUCTION (Back to Quick Links)

Advancements in surgical technique, post-operative care, and immunosuppression have led to major advancements in solid organ transplantation. Over the last twenty years, transplantation has increasingly become an accepted treatment for a number of end-stage diseases 1. Unfortunately, the exponential increase in patients on waiting lists awaiting transplantation has not been matched by a significant increase in the number of organ donors 2.

The shortage of suitable organs for donation is particularly critical in the field of lung transplantation 3. The number of patients on lung transplant waiting lists nationally has grown from 68 in 1988 to greater than 3200 as of April 21, 1999 2. In fact, nearly 500 patients died in 1998 while awaiting a lung transplant 2. Unfortunately, the majority of organ donors do not have lungs suitable for transplantation. The reasons for this appear multi-factorial, but there is a concern that the management of the potential organ donor, traditionally aimed at maintaining adequate hydration to ensure renal and hepatic function, may actually adversely affect the lungs.

This retrospective study was performed to determine the actual percentage of solid organ donors who are suitable lung donors. More importantly, from a performance improvement standpoint, we hoped to identify potentially preventable factors, which led to the rejection of donor lungs by the local organ procurement organization.

METHODS (Back to Quick Links)

A retrospective review of medical and organ procurement organization (OPO) records of all solid organ donors at a university hospital over a 48-month period was performed. Demographic data was abstracted, as were complications during the hospital stay and the cause of brain death. Time of presentation/admission to determination of brain death was calculated. Fluid balance and the use of pharmacological agents and pulmonary artery catheters were noted.

The specific reasons for lung procurement failure from solid organ donors were identified. In-hospital progressive pulmonary dysfunction (PPD) was defined as significant worsening of the A-a gradient during the hospital stay, usually with patchy bilateral infiltrates on CXR, but always without documented evidence of infection.

Results, when appropriate, are presented as the mean ± the standard error of the mean. Student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test were applied for statistical analysis when appropriate.

RESULTS (Back to Quick Links)

38 solid organ donors were identified over a 48-month study period. 25 of the donors (65.8%) died from traumatic injury, and 13 (34.2%) from a primary, non-traumatic, CNS event. The mean age of the donors was 31 ± 5 years. There were 30 male and 8 female donors.

133 solid organs were harvested and transplanted from 38 solid organ donors for an average of 3.5 ± 0.2 organs/donor. Procurement rates for individual organs are presented in Table 1. While more than 70% of potential kidneys, livers, and hearts were procured, only 17.1% of potential lungs were ultimately transplanted. This was statistically significant (p<0.01)

TABLE 1

Reasons for rejection of lungs by the organ procurement organization are presented in Table 2. Infection, most often diagnosed by bronchoscopic sampling, resulting in the loss of 8 lungs. Underlying lung disease, most often seen in older donors, was the reason for rejection of 5 lungs. Surprisingly, the most common cause of lung unsuitability was progressive in-hospital pulmonary dysfunction. 31% of lungs rejected in this review suffered from this process.

TABLE 2

A comparison of donors and non-donors is presented in Table 3. Successful lung donors were significantly younger than non-donors. In addition, the time from admission to the determination of brain death was significantly shorter for the donor group. No difference was noted in the mechanism of lethal insult, use of vasopressors, or presence of Diabetes Insipidus during the brain death stay.

TABLE 3

Potential lung donors who developed progressive pulmonary dysfunction had a marked and significant fluid balance (7000 ± 1000 vs. 300 ± 600 cc [p<0.05]) during their short hospital stay when compared to the donor group. Despite a worsening A-a gradient, a significant fluid requirement, and the liberal use of vasopressors, no patient with progressive pulmonary dysfunction had therapy guided by the use of a pulmonary artery catheter. (Table 4)

TABLE 4: IN-HOSPITAL PROGRESSIVE PULMONARY DYSFUNCTION

DISCUSSION (Back to Quick Links)

The inability to successfully procure lungs from solid organ donors remains a significant limiting factor to lung transplantation. From this review, it appears that young patients who are quickly pronounced brain dead and proceed to organ procurement are most likely to become successful lung donors. Potential organ donors are at significant risk for multiple complications, which may lead to pulmonary deterioration and an ultimate failure of lung procurement 4. While the reasons for failed lung procurement are multi-factorial and often unavoidable, the potential for iatrogenic injury to the lungs with over-aggressive fluid resuscitation while awaiting the determination of brain death appears significant.

There are a number of possible steps, which may be taken to improve lung procurement rates. An increase in the total number of organ donors is the most obvious solution. It is estimated that only 20% to 30% of potential donors actually go on to organ donation 5,6. Nationally, multiple efforts are in place to improve donation rates. Recent results suggest that these efforts may be having a modest effect 2. Once consent is obtained, aggressive medical management is necessary to prevent medical failures to organ donation (as high as 17% of potential organ donors in one recent review) 4.

Little can be done about premorbid pulmonary disease, direct trauma, or the high incidence of aspiration at the time of injury, all contraindications to lung donation. Acute pulmonary infection or colonization of the potential donor is common secondary to the presence of an endotracheal tube. In addition, poor pulmonary toilet, due to a loss of normal "cough reflexes" and a reluctance to suction (and stimulate) a patient with an increased ICP, only worsens this problem 7. Unfortunately, it seems only a relaxation of standards for donor lungs would significantly impact on this aspect of the problem 8,9.

Interestingly, the time from admission to the determination of brain death may be a factor which intensivists can impact. We recently have decreased our brain death stay from 12 to 4.5 hours (with an associated decrease in patient charges) by utilizing cerebral blood flow scans to rapidly determine brain death 10,11. Further research is needed to determine whether this will translate into an increase in the number of organs procured per donor and a decrease in medical failures to donation, although preliminary reports are favorable 12.

In patients who arrive at the hospital with suitable lungs, the incidence of progressive pulmonary dysfunction (PPD) is distressing. The etiology of this process cannot be determined from this study, especially since none of these patients had pulmonary artery catheters in place. PPD may represent ARDS, neurogenic pulmonary edema, or simply fluid overload 13,14,15. As noted above, these patients were markedly fluid positive during their hospital stay. Even though they required significant amounts of fluid, had worsening A-a gradients, and most often required vasopressors for blood pressure support, not one of these patients had a pulmonary artery catheter in place to assist in volume management. In contrast, the lung donor group, while frequently requiring vasopressors for blood pressure support, did not require excessive amounts of fluid or have a marked worsening of their A-a gradients. Clearly this group did not appear to have an indication for invasive monitoring with a pulmonary artery catheter.

Would the routine use of pulmonary artery catheters impact on the lung procurement rates from solid organ donors? The data presented here cannot answer that question. We currently place pulmonary catheters in potential organ donors to guide fluid and vasopressor therapy in the hopes of minimizing fluid overload, increasing lung procurement rates and maximizing the number of solid organs procured from each donor. We currently now harvest an average of 4.7 solid organs / donor from our intensive care unit 11. Still, prospective studies are needed to determine if this routine use of pulmonary artery catheters is justified in this patient population.

1. Howard RJ. How can we increase the number of organ and tissue donors? J Am Coll Surg 188: 317, 1999. (Back to text)

2. United Network for Organ Sharing. U.S. facts about transplantation. http://www.unos.org. (Back to text)

3. Arcasoy SM, Kotloff RM. Lung transplantation. N Engl J Med 340: 1081, 1999. (Back to text)

4. Grossman MD, Reilly PM, McMahon DJ, et al. Loss of potential solid organ donors due to medical failure. Crit Care Med 24: A76, 1996. (Back to text)

5. Bart KJ, Macon EJ, Humphries AL, et al. Increasing the supply of cadaveric kidneys for transplantation. Transplantation. 31:383, 1981. (Back to text)

6. Tolle SW, Bennett WM, Hickam DH, et al: Responsibilities of primary physicians in organ donation. Ann Intern Med. 106:740, 1987. (Back to text)

7. Kaiser LR, Cooper JD. The current status of lung transplantation. Advances Surg 25:259, 1992. (Back to text)

8. Sundaresan S, Trachiotis GD, Aoe M, et al. Donor lung procurement: Assessment and operative technique. Ann Thorac Surg 56:1409, 1993. (Back to text)

9. Low De, Kaiser LR, Haydock DA, et al. The donor lung: Infectious and pathologic factors affecting outcome in lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 106: 614, 1993. (Back to text)

10. Jenkins DR, Reilly PM, McMahon DJ, et al. Minimizing charges associated with the determination of brain death. Critical Care, 1: 65, 1997. (Back to text)

11. Jenkins DH, Reilly PM, Schwab CW. Improving the approach to the organ donation. World J Surg, in press, 1999. (Back to text)

12. Jenkins DH, Reilly PM, Shapiro MB, et al. Effect of rapid brain death determination on organ donation rates: a preliminary report. Crit Care Med 26: A31, 1998. (Back to text)

13. Demling R, Riessen R. Pulmonary dysfunction after cerebral injury. Crit Care Med 18: 768, 1990. (Back to text)

14. Kaufman HH, Timberlake G, Voelker J, et al. Medical complications of head injury. Med Clin NA 77: 43, 1993. (Back to text)

15. Pender ES, Pollack CV. Neurogenic pulmonary edema: Case reports and review. J Emerg Med 10: 45, 1992. (Back to text)