|
Electoral
System
|
As elected
in 1990 under a new electoral law, the People's Assembly (Majlis ash-Sha'ab)
has 454 members of whom 10 are appointed by the President, and 444 elected
for a five-year term. Elections are hold in 222 two-member constituencies,
which each voter chooses two candidates. Vacancies between general elections
are filled by by-elections. There are special provisions designed to secure
the election of at least one labourer of farmer in each constuency. If
no party receives the mayority inthe constituency, a run-off election between
the two leanding parties takes place, usually a week later. Parties are
no longer required to gain a minimum of 8 % of the total vote in order
to be represented in the Assembly. The suffrage are 18 years of age, universal
and compulsory for men.
Elections
to the Advisory Council (Majlis ash-Shura) are held each three years.
This Council has got 140 members, which are elected for a six-years term.
Each three years a 1/3 part of the members were substituted. The president
appoints another 1/2of the members of the Shura.
|
|
Distribution
of Seats in the People's Assembly 95
|
|
Party
|
Seats
|
| Hizb al
Dimuqratiyah al Wataniyah (HDW) |
316 |
| 'Independents'
joining HDW |
99 |
| Hizb al-Wafd-al-Jadid
(HJW) |
6 |
| Hizb al
Tajamaa al Wataniyah al Tagadamm al Wahdwa (HTWTW) |
5 |
| Hizb al-Ahrar
(Ahrar) |
1 |
| Nasserist
Party |
1 |
| Non-partisans |
16 |
| Total |
444
|
|
|
Former
Elections Held since Nasser
|
|
Date
|
Type
|
Outcome
|
| October
15, 1970 |
Referendum
to confirm
choice of
President |
Endorsment
of Assembly's unanimous choice of Sadat |
October
23,
November
3, 1971 |
Single-Party
Legislative |
Choice
among candidates belonging to the Arab Socialist Union (ASU) |
| September
16, 1976 |
Referendum
to confirm
choice of
President |
Endorsment
of Assembly's unanimous re-election of Sadat |
October
28,
November
4, 1976 |
Legislative
|
Overwhelming
mayority for pro Sadat Arab Socialist Union |
| June 7
and 14, 1979 |
Legislative |
Victory
of recently formed National Democratic Party (NDP) led by Sadat |
| October
13, 1984 |
Referendum
to confirm
choice of
President |
Endorsment
of Assembly's uncontested choice of Hosni Mubarak |
| May 27,
1984 |
Legislative |
NDP
victory with overwhelming mayority |
| April 6,
1987 |
Legislative |
NDP
victory with reduced mayority |
| October
5, 1987 |
Referendum
to confirm
choice of
President |
Endorsment
of Assembly's uncontested re-election of Mubarak |
November
29,
December
6, 1990 |
Legislative |
NDP
victory amid by main opposistion parties |
| 1995 |
Legislative |
NDP
victory |
| Next
Elections (Majlis al-Nuwab): Novemebr 2000 / Next Presidential Elections
November 1999. |
|
State
Power Division
|
|
The
Constitution
|
| The Egyptian
Constitution of 1971 has its roots in the English Common Law and
the Napoleonic Code. The amendment to the constitution of 1980 made the
Islamic Law (Sharia) the official law and thus the Koran the most significant
source of legislation. At the moment, this has not been implemented to
any degree, so that Islamic Law is limited to personal status and family
matters. Commercial matters are covered by the civil law. |
|
Executive
Branch
|
| The President
is the Head of the State. He is appointed by at least a 1/3 of the Majlis
ash-Sha'ab (People's Assembly), approved by at least 2/3 and elected by
a popular referendum. The President is elected for a six-year-periode and
he could be re-elected. The president has the right to take emergency measures
corresponding to the interests of the nation, but these measures must be
approved by a referendum within 60 days. The authority of executive is
in the hands of the president, he nominates all ministers and one or more
vice-presidents and the ministers. He is also the supreme commander of
the armed forces. Finally, the president could direct himself to the people
in regard to hold a referendum about important matters (Art. 152 of the
Constitution). The Council of Ministers (Art. 153-160) is the highest Executive
and administrative organ of the Egyptian Republic. In colaboration with
the president, the cabinet must determine the general politics of the country
and control its fulfilment. The Prime Minister is appointed by the president.
He controls the work of the government and is responsable to the president. |
|
Legislative
Branch
|
The Egyptian
Parliament is bicameral and consists of the People's Assembly (Majlis El-Shaab)
and the Advisory Council (Majlis El-Shourah). The Majlis El-Shaab has the
power to approve all new legislation, the budget and development plans
of the government. It has also the right to undertake investigactions and
to levy taxes. TFurther, iot appoints the Presidential candidate and can
pass a vote of no-confidence in the cabinet or any cabinet member. The
Assembly is elected for a five-year term and must consist of "not less
than 350" elected members, of which half must be farmers and workers. Additionally,
10 members are appointed by the President.
The Advisory
Council advises and proposes to the Assembly new laws and regulations.
Itf has 140 members of which the half, 70 members, are nominated by the
President. |
|
Judicial
Branch
|
The Egyptian
Judicial System was introducced into the country in 1854 and it is based
on the French judicial system. The Courts of General Jurisdiction and the
Administrative Courts are the principal court system in Egypt. At the top
of the judicial system is since 1969 the Supreme Constitutional Court with
specific jurisdiction over the judicial control of the conformity of laws
and regulation. ANother function of the highest Egyptian court is the resolution
of jurisdictional conflicts and the detremination of questions about different
juridical court systems. The Courts of General Jurisdiction are divided
into
Court of Cassation,
which is the highest one of these juridical court system. To this court
will be petioned final judgements renderd by Courts of Appeals;
Courts of
Appeal agitat geographically limitated over one and more of the Egyptian
governorates. These typ of court have a Criminal and a Civil Chamber. The
first one try felanies, the latter one hear appeals filed against judgements
rendered by the Tribunals of First Instance; c) Tribunal of First Instance
is a category of the Courts of General Jurisdiction which is also divided
in several Chambers for Civil and Criminal litigation; d) District Tribunals
have jurisdiction over minor civil and criminal litigation and are a one-judge
ancillary Chamber of Tribunals of First Instance.
The Administrative
Court System is also divided in two courts and jurisdicates over iligations,
in which the state or any governemental instituition is involved. The two
courts are the Administrative Courts and the Judicial Administrative Courts.
The State
Council is an independent judicial body with the authority to make decisions
in administrative disputes.
The Supreme
Judicial Council exists to gurantee the independence of the judicial system. |
|
Government
|
|
Head of
the Government Atef
Mohamed EBEID (Prime
Minister)
|
|
|
Office
|
Representative
|
|
Deputy
Prime Minister
|
Youssef
Amin WALLY
|
|
Minister
of Agriculture, and Land Reclamation
|
Youssef
Amin WALLY
|
|
Minister
of Waqf and Religious Affairs
|
Mahmoud
Hamdi ZAKZUK
|
|
Minister
of Culture
|
Faruq
HUSNI
|
|
Minister
of Defence and Military Production
|
Fld. Mar.
Mohamed Hussein TANTAWI
|
|
Minister
of Economy
|
Yousef
BOUTROS-GHALI
|
|
Minister
of Education
|
Hussein
Kamel BAHAA AL-DIN
|
|
Minister
of Electricity and Energy
|
Ali Fahmy
el-SAIEDI
|
|
Minister
of Finance
|
Muhammad
Medhat HASSANEIN
|
|
Minister
of Foreign Affairs
|
Amre Mahmoud
MOUSSA
|
|
Minister
of Health and Population
|
Ismail
SALLAM
|
|
Minister
of Higher Education
|
Moufed
Mahmoud SHEHAB
|
|
Minister
of Housing, Utilities, Reconstruction, and New Communities
|
Mohammed
Ibrahim SOLIMAN
|
|
Minister
of Industry and Technology Development
|
Mustafa
Mohamed el-RIFA'I
|
|
Minister
of Information
|
Mohamed
Safwat el-SHERIF
|
|
Minister
of Insurance and Social Affairs
|
Amina
el-GUINDI
|
|
Minister
of the Interior
|
Habib
el-ADLI
|
|
Minister
of Justice
|
Frauq
SAYF AL-NASR
|
|
Minister
of Manpower and Immigration
|
Ahmed
el-AMAWI
|
|
Minister
of Petroleum
|
Sameh
FAHMY
|
|
Minister
of Planning
|
Ahmed
Mahrus el-DARSH
|
|
Minister
of Public Business Sector
|
Mokhtar
KHATTAB
|
|
Minister
of Water Resources and Irrigation
|
Mahmoud
Abd al-Halim ABU ZAYD
|
|
Minister
of Supply and Internal Trade
|
Hassan
Ali KHEDR
|
|
Minister
of Tourism
|
Mamdouh
el-BELTAGI
|
|
Minister
of Transport
|
Ibrahim
el-DEMERI
|
|
Minister
of State for Administrative Developement
|
Mohammed
Zaki ABU AMER
|
|
Minister
of State for Local Development
|
Mustafa
ABDEL QADER
|
|
Minister
of State for Environment Affairs
|
Nadia
Riad Makram EBEID
|
|
Minister
of State for Military Production
|
Sayrd
MESH'AL
|
|
Minister
of State for People's Assembly and Consultative Council Affairs
|
Kamal
el-SHAZLI
|
|
Minister
of State for International Co-operation
|
Ahmed
Mahrus el-DARSH
|
|
Minister
of State for Scientific Research
|
Moufed
Mahmoud SHEHAB
|
|
|
Ministries
|
|
Ministry
|
Address
|
Contact
|
|
Ministry
of Agriculture
|
Sharia
Wizaret az-Ziraa, Dokki, Giza
|
Tel.:
(2) 732677 telex
93006
|
|
Ministry
of Awqaf (Islamic Endowments)
|
Sharia
Sabri Abu Alam, Ean el-Luk, Cairo
|
Tel::
(2) 746305
|
|
Ministry
of Communications
|
26 Sharia
Ramses, Cairo
|
Tel.:
(2) 909090
|
|
Ministry
of Culture
|
110 Sharia
al-Galaa, Cairo
|
Tel.:
(2) 971995
|
|
Ministry
of Economic Co-operation
|
9 Sharia
Adly, Cairo
|
telex
348
|
|
Ministry
of Economy
|
8 Sharia
Adly, Cairo
|
Tel.:
(2) 907344
|
|
Ministry
of Scientific Research
|
4 Sharia
Ibrahim Nagiv, Cairo (Garden City)
|
|
|
Ministry
of Electricity and Energy
|
Cairo
(Nasr City)
|
Tel::
(2) 2616305 telex
31007
|
|
Ministry
of Finance
|
Sharia
Maglis esh-Sha'ab, Lazoughli
Sq, Cairo
|
Tel.:
(2) 24857 telex
22386
|
|
Ministry
of Foreign Affairs
|
Lazoughli
Sq., Cairo
|
Tel.:
(2) 903939
|
|
Ministry
of Health
|
Sharia
Magles esh-Sha'ab, Cairo
|
Tel.:
(2) 903939
|
|
Ministry
of Industry
|
2 Sharia
Latin America, Cairo, (Garden City)
|
Tel.:
(2) 3550641 telex
93112
|
|
Ministry
of Information
|
Radio
and TV Bldg, Corniche en-Nil, Cairo (Maspiro)
|
Tel.:
(2) 974216
|
|
Ministry
of International Co-operation
|
8 Sharia
Adly, Cairo
|
Tel.:
3909707 fax.:
(2) 31176
|
|
Ministry
of Justice
|
Justice
Blg., Cairo (Lazoughlii)
|
Tel.:
(2) 31176
|
|
Ministry
of Military Production
|
5 Sharia
Ismail Abaza, Kasr Sel-Eini, Cairo
|
Tel.:
(2) 3553063 telex:
92167
|
|
Ministry
of National Education
|
Sharia
el-Falaky, Cairo
|
Tel.:
(2) 8544805
|
|
Ministry
of Petroleum and Mineral Resources
|
el-Mokhayem
el-Dayem St., Cairo (Nasr City)
|
Tel.:
(2) 2622237 telex
92197 fax:
(2) 2636060
|
|
Ministry
of Social Affairs
|
Sharia
Sheikh Rihan, Cairo
|
Tel.:
(2) 2828430 telex
94040 fax
(2) 94105
|
|
Ministry
of Tourism
|
Misr Travel
tower, Abbassia Sq., Cairo
|
Tel.:
(2) 2828430 telex
94040 fax
(2) 2829771
|
|
Ministery
of Transport
|
Sharia
Qasr el-Eini, Cairo
|
Tel.:
(2) 3555566 telex
92802 fax
(2) 3555564
|
Last Update: 15/06/2000 |
|
Geographical Data
